6.1: Introduction

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Learning Objectives

Describe digital printing methods and their differences
List the various inks used in inkjet printing and their characteristics
Identify the key components of electrophotography
Explain the seven steps of the electrophotographic process
Describe the differences between toner types and how they affect imaging
Evaluate the suitability of a paper for a project based on its characteristics
Convert between paper basis weights and grammage
Describe the key differences between page description languages
Acknowledge the historical significance of Postscript in desktop publishing
Explain the differences between PDF/X versions
Describe the function of a RIP in a DFE
Explain why calibration is critical in electrophotography
Describe the key component in variable data printing
Identify key benefits of open standard VDP formats

Digital printing can be defined as the reproduction of an image or document onto a substrate, directly from an electronic file, without the use of a fixed image plate. Traditional printing transfers an image permanently onto a fixed image plate, whereas digital printing transfers the image temporarily onto a photoconductive cylinder, called a drum, or directly onto the substrate itself. Printing in this manner provides some unique capabilities that sets it apart from traditional print methods. There is virtually no set-up or make ready, finishing tasks can be accomplished inline, and each sheet can have unique content, which makes this printing method ideal for publication printing, short print runs, or highly dynamic content.

The two most common digital printing methods in use today are electrophotographic (toner based) and inkjet (ink based). Both technologies are used in a wide range of printing devices from small desktop printers to large high-volume, high-speed digital presses. The term digital press is often used to describe commercial digital printers. In the past, speed was the determining factor of this designation. Today, we have specific criteria published by Idealliance, a not-for-profit member organization that develops standards and best practices for the digital media supply chain (Idealliance, n.d.). Apart from speed, colour accuracy to meet a specification and consistency over long print runs are key parts of Idealliance’s certification process.

For the purposes of this text, we will focus on digital printers and presses used in commercial printing rather than on consumer or office printers.