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5.6: Positivist Criminology

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    Positivism is the use of empirical evidence through scientific inquiry to improve society. Ultimately, positivist criminology sought to identify other causes of criminal behavior beyond choice. The basic premises of positivism are measurement, objectivity, and causality.[1] Early positivist theories speculated that there were criminals and non-criminals. Thus, we have to identify what causes criminals.

    On the Origin of Species (1859), which outlined his observations of natural selection.[2] A few years later, he applied his observations to humans in Descent of Man (1871), whereby he claimed that some people might be evolutionary reversions to an early stage of man.[3] Although he never wrote about criminal behavior, others borrowed Darwin’s ideas and applied them to crime.

    800px-Charles_Darwin_01-233x300.jpg
    Charles Darwin
    1. Hagan, F.E. (2018). Introduction to criminology: Theories, methods, and criminal behavior (9th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. ↵
    2. Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. ↵
    3. Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. ↵

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