11.3: Use of Force Options

The use of force within California prisons is governed by policies in Title 15 of the California Code of Regulations (CCR) and departmental procedures established by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. These policies ensure that force is used only when necessary, and that it remains reasonable, controlled, and proportionate to the situation. Correctional staff are trained to apply the minimum level of force required to gain compliance, maintain order, and protect the safety of staff, inmates, and the institution.

Overview of Use of Force

Under CCR §3268.1 (Use of Force), correctional officers are authorized to use force in specific situations, such as preventing escape, defending themselves or others from harm, controlling or subduing an inmate who refuses lawful orders, stopping riots or disturbances, and enforcing institutional rules when necessary. Importantly, force is never to be used as punishment or retaliation. Each use of force must be justified, documented, and reviewed to ensure compliance with policy and legal standards.

Officer Presence and Verbal Commands

The lowest level of force begins with officer presence and verbal commands. In many cases, a correctional officer’s authority and clear communication are enough to gain compliance without physical intervention. Officers issue direct, lawful orders and may use de-escalation techniques to calm a situation before it becomes physical. This approach emphasizes prevention and control through communication rather than force.

Physical Control and Hands-On Techniques

When verbal commands are ineffective, officers may escalate to physical control techniques. These include control holds, escort methods, and takedowns designed to restrain an inmate safely. The goal at this level is to gain compliance while minimizing injury to both staff and the inmate. These techniques require training and precision to ensure they are applied appropriately and effectively.

Chemical Agents

If an inmate becomes combative or poses an immediate threat, officers may use chemical agents such as pepper spray (OC spray). These tools are intended to temporarily incapacitate the individual, allowing staff to regain control of the situation. After deployment, inmates must receive medical evaluation and decontamination to ensure their safety and well-being.

Less-Lethal Weapons

Less-lethal weapons represent a higher level of force and may include batons, foam rounds, or 40mm launchers. These tools are used in situations involving active resistance or potential harm, such as group fights or assaults on staff. The purpose is to stop dangerous behavior quickly while avoiding the need for deadly force.

Electronic Devices

In some cases, electronic control devices such as Tasers may be used, depending on institutional policy and availability. These devices are designed to temporarily incapacitate a combative inmate, providing officers with a safer method to gain control in volatile situations. Their use is strictly regulated and typically reserved for situations where other methods are ineffective or unsafe.

Deadly Force

Deadly force is the highest and most serious level of force available to correctional staff. It typically involves the use of firearms and is authorized only in extreme circumstances, such as when there is an immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury, or during a highly dangerous escape attempt. The use of deadly force is heavily scrutinized and subject to strict legal and administrative review.

Reporting and Accountability

Every use of force incident must be thoroughly documented and reviewed. This includes medical evaluations for the inmate, detailed staff reports, and supervisory oversight. In some cases, incidents may be investigated further to determine whether the force used was appropriate. These procedures ensure accountability and help maintain transparency within the correctional system.

The use of force within the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation follows a structured continuum designed to balance safety with restraint. By progressing from verbal commands to higher levels of force, when necessary, correctional officers are able to respond effectively to threats while minimizing harm. This approach reinforces the principle that force is a last resort, used only to maintain security and protect lives within California’s prison system.⁵¹

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⁵¹California Code of Regulations (2024)