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    Alverson, K. (2018). Leading the way: A path towards ethical leadership. Thomas Edison State University. Pressbooks. https://opened.tesu.edu/ethicalleadership/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Barasa, J. and Olanrewaju, A. (2024). The Dynamics of Transformational Leadership: Characteristics and Practical Uses, Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 27(6), 1-11. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/the-dynamics-of-transformational-leadership-characteristics-and-practical-uses-17384.html is licensed CC BY 4.0

    Burke, A., Carter, D., Fedorek, B., et al. (2019). Introduction to the Criminal Justice System. Pressbooks. https://psu.pb.unizin.org/criminaljusticemclean/ is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    California Code of Regulations. (2024). https://oal.ca.gov/publications/ccr/ is Public Domain

    California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2024). Department Operations Manual (DOM), Chapter 5: Use of Force. https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/operations-manual/ is Public Domain

    California Penal Code. (2026). https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codesTOCSelected.xhtml?tocCode=PEN&tocTitle=+Penal+Code+-+PEN is Public Domain

    Carson, T. (2019). Communication and Mentoring in the Trades. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/tradescomminucation/front-matter/introduction/ is licensed CC BY 4.0

    Cusick, J. (2022). Post-Secondary Peer Support Training Curriculum. Pressbooks. https://opentextbc.ca/peersupport/chapter/what-is-leadership/ is licensed CC BY 4.0

    DesRoaches, K. (2022). Emergence of a Strategic Leader. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.usnh.edu/ld823/chapter/7/ is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    Godwin, Jones, R. (2023). ShortLanguage and Culture in Context: A Primer on Intercultural Communication. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks.library.vcu.edu/langculture/chapter/5-1/ is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0

    Group Dynamics (2016-2023). Situational Leadership Theory. https://en.dinamicasgrupales.com.ar/interesting-readings/situational-leadership-theory/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Hamann, B., Chauvin, C., Scott, F. (2024). Introduction to Criminal Justice. Pressbooks. https://louis.pressbooks.pub/criminaljustice/front-matter/introduction/ is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    Kuai, D., Eneida Rivera Blanco, L., Krotulski, A., et al (2024). Identification and Health Risks of an Emerging Means of Drug Use in Correctional Facilities. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/ is licensed CC BY 4.0

    Lewis, A. (2023). Crisis Intervention Theories and Intervention and Treatment Approaches. https://umsystem.pressbooks.pub/aswbprep/chapter/crisis-intervention-theories/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Maier, W., Maier, K., Overby, W. and Edwards, T. (2021). Introduction to Criminal Justice. Pressbooks. https://openwa.pressbooks.pub/crimjust1/chapter/wa9-2/ is licensed CC BY 4.0

    McKee, A., (2026). Criminal Justice. Lumen. https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Criminology_and_Criminal_Justice/Criminal_Justice_(Lumen)/06%3A_Corrections/6.03%3A_Prisoners_Rights is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0

    National Institutes of Health. (ND). https://www.usa.gov/agencies/national-institutes-of-health is Public Domain

    Nichol, A. (2025). Mental Disorders and the Criminal Justice System. Pressbooks. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/mentalcrimjustsys1e/front-matter/how-to-navigate-this-book-online/ is licensed CC BY-NC 4.0

    Occupational Health and Safety Administration. (2023). https://www.osha.gov/ is Public Domain

    Office of Justice Programs (ND). https://www.ojp.gov/ is Public Domain

    Piza, E., Connealy, N., Sytsma, V., and Chillar, V. (2022). Situational factors and police use of force across micro-time intervals: A video systematic social observation and panel regression analysis. https://www.crimrxiv.com/pub/l7ryrekw/release/1 is licensed CC BY 4.0

    Radtke, L. (2022). Principles of Leadership & Management. Pressbooks. https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/leadershipandmanagement/chapter/2-3-personality-and-values/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Rutz-Burri, L., McLean, K. and Chauvin, C. (2024). Introduction to Sentencing in the U.S. https://louis.pressbooks.pub/criminaljustice/chapter/6-1-introduction-sentencing/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Sibley, M., Ricciardelli, R., Johnston, M., and Mario, B. (2024). Direct Supervision and the Epistemic Culture of Prisons. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17488958241298486?utm_ is licensed CC BY 4.0

    Stevens, L., Schultz, W., and Patterson, A. (2024). Discretion as weakness: Exploring the relationship between correctional officers' attitudes toward discretion and attempted boundary violations. National Institute of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/corrections is Public Domain

    Sullivan, J., Kameda, N., & Nobu, T. (1991). Bypassing in managerial communication. Pressbooks. https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/cmchang/chapter/4-6-overcoming-barriers-to-effective-written-communication/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Suplee, R., Gonzalez, M., Arungwa, S., et al (2025). Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System: An Equity Lens. Pressbooks. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/crimjustsysintro1e is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    U.S. Department of Justice (2026). Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ is Public Domain

    Westmaas, L. (2022). Psychology, Communication, and the Canadian Workplace. Pressbooks. https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/communicationpsychology/ is licensed CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

    Wikipedia – Prison Gangs. (2026). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_gang is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    Wikipedia – Prison Policy Initiative. (2001). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Policy_Initiative is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    Wikipedia – Transactional leadership. (Unk.). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_leadership#:~:text=Tra is licensed CC BY-SA 4.0

    Wikipedia – Wolff v. McDonnell. (1974). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolff_v._McDonnell is CC BY-SA 4.0