8.7: References

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Antoniette Aizon
Madera Community College

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Blokland, A.A.J., & Nieuwbeerta, P. J (2007). Selectively incapacitating frequent offenders: Costs and benefits of various penal scenarios. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23: 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-007-9033-3.

Bouffard, J. A., & Muftic, L. R. (2006). Program completion and recidivism outcomes among adult offenders ordered to complete a community service sentence. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(2), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v43n02_01

CoreCivic. (n.d.). Facilities. Www.corecivic.com. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from http://www.corecivic.com/facilities

Crittenden, C. (2025). Introduction to the Criminal Justice System. University of Tennessee Pressbooks. Retrieved from https://utc.pressbooks.pub/crmj1100/

Gendreau, P. (1996). Principles of effective intervention with offenders. Choosing correctional options that work: Defining the demand and evaluating the supply, 117-130, Alan T Harland, ed.—See NCJ-158983) https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=158988.

Gertner, N. (2010). A short history of American sentencing: Too little law, too much law, or just right. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 100(3), 691-708. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc/vol100/iss3/4/

Huberman, E. J., & Bonczar, T.P. (2014). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2013. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 2014, NCL 248029 http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ppus13.pdf

Hughes, T., Wilson, D., & Beck, A. (2001). Trends in State Parole, 1990–2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report, NCJ 184735 https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/tsp00.pdf

Initiative, P. P., & Wagner, W. S., and P. (2022, March 14). Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2022. www.prisonpolicy.org. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2022.html#:~:text=Together%2C%20these%20systems%20hold%20almost

Jones, A. (2018). Correctional control 2018: Incarceration and supervision by state Prison Policy

Kaeble, D. (2021, December). Probation and Parole in the United States, 2020—Bureau of Justice . . . Probation and Parole in the United States, 2020. Retrieved July 2022, from https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/ppus20.pdf

Kaeble, D. (2023). Probation and parole in the United States, 2021. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/ppus21.pdf

Martin, K. D., Sykes, B. L., Shannon, S., Edwards, F., & Harris, A. (2018). Monetary sanctions: Legal financial obligations in US systems of justice. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 471-495. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-091915

Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. Public Interest 35, 22–54.

McDonald, D. C. (1986). Punishment without walls: Community service sentences in New York City. Rutgers University Press.

Nastasi, V. (2023, January 31). Local governments collect $9 billion in fines and fees in 2020. Reason Foundation. https://reason.org/data-visualization/local-governments-collected-9-billion-in-fines-and-fees-in-2020/

Nazgol Ghandnoosh, P. D. and A. N. (2022, October 18). Research – get the facts. The Sentencing Project. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from https://www.sentencingproject.org/research/

Parent, D. G. (2018). Research for practice: Correctional Boot Camps: Lessons from a decade of research. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 197018 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/197018.pdf

Pisciotta, A. W. (1994). Benevolent repression: Social control and the American reformatory-prison movement. NYU Press.

Sawyer, W., & Wagner, P. (2022, March 14). Mass incarceration: The whole pie 2022. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2022.html

Spohn, C. (2014). Twentieth-century sentencing reform movement: Looking backward, moving forward. Criminology & Public Policy, 13(4), 535-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12095

StackPath. (n.d.). Www.geogroup.com. https://www.geogroup.com/Locations

Supplee, R. Gonzeles, M., Arungwa, S., Brown, I., Head-Potter, W., Wilkes, E. (n.d.). Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System: An Equity Lens. OpenOregon Pressbooks. Retrieved from https://utc.pressbooks.pub/crmj1100/

Tonry, M. (1995). Intermediate sanctions in sentencing reform. University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 2(2), 391-411. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/roundtable/vol2/iss2/3/

Tonry, M. (2013). Sentencing in America, 1975–2025. Crime and Justice, 42(1), 141-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/671134

Wilson, D. B., MacKenzie, D. L., & Mitchell, F. N. (2005). Effects of correctional boot camps on offending. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6, 1–42, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345744138_Effects_of_Correctional_Boot_Camps_on_Offending

Zeng, Z., Minton, T., & Statisticians, B. (2021). Bureau of Justice Statistics · Statistical Tables Census of Jails, 2005–2019—Statistical Tables. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/cj0519st.pdf

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