10.10: References
- Page ID
- 69597
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\dsum}{\displaystyle\sum\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dint}{\displaystyle\int\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\dlim}{\displaystyle\lim\limits} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\(\newcommand{\longvect}{\overrightarrow}\)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\ket}[1]{\left| #1 \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\bra}[1]{\left< #1 \right|}\)
\(\newcommand{\braket}[2]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2} \right| \left. #2 \vphantom{#1} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\braopket}[3]{\left< #1 \vphantom{#2}\vphantom{#3} \right| #2 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#3} \left| #3 \vphantom{#1}\vphantom{#2} \right>}\)
\(\newcommand{\qmvec}[1]{\mathbf{\vec{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\op}[1]{\hat{\mathbf{#1}}}\)
\(\newcommand{\expect}[1]{\langle #1 \rangle}\)
\(\newcommand{\dfn}[1]{\emph{\textbf{#1}}}\)
Abraham, M. (2000). Speaking the unspeakable: Marital violence among South Asian immigrants in the United States. Rutgers University Press.
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88.
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Oxford University Press.
Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. W. W. Norton.
Ards, S. D., Myers, S. L., Chung, C., Malkis, A., & Hagerty, B. (2012). Decomposing Black–White differences in child maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 17(4), 268–284.
Armenta, A. (2017). Protect, serve, and deport: The rise of policing as immigration enforcement. University of California Press.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Doubleday.
Berk-Seligson, S. (2002). The bilingual courtroom: Court interpreters in the judicial process. University of Chicago Press.
Borjas, G. J. (1987). Self-selection and the earnings of immigrants. American Economic Review, 77(4), 531–553.
Bourgois, P. (2003). In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame and reintegration. Cambridge University Press.
Brotherton, D. C., & Barrios, L. (2011). Banished to the homeland: Dominican deportees and their stories of exile. Columbia University Press.
Bui, H. N. (2009). Parent–child conflicts, school troubles, and differences in delinquency across immigration generations. Crime & Delinquency, 55(3), 412–441.
Buriel, R., & De Ment, T. (1997). Immigration and sociocultural change in Mexican, Chinese, and Vietnamese American families. In A. Booth, A. C. Crouter, & N. Landale (Eds.), Immigration and the family: Research and policy on U.S. immigrants (pp. 165–200). Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. Lexington Books.
California Attorney General’s Office. (2024). Crime in California 2023. California Department of Justice.
California Courts. (2024). Language access services annual report. Judicial Council of California.
California Department of Business Oversight. (2023). Annual report on securities fraud investigations. State of California.
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (2024). California prisoners and parolees 2023. CDCR Office of Research.
California Department of Finance. (2024). California demographic projections. State of California.
California Department of Justice. (2024). OpenJustice data portal. https://openjustice.doj.ca.gov/
California Department of Public Health. (2024). Opioid overdose surveillance dashboard. CDPH Injury and Violence Prevention Program.
California Health Interview Survey. (2023). CHIS 2022 adult public use file. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.
California Immigrant Data Portal. (2024). Immigrants in California. University of Southern California.
California Judicial Council. (2024). Strategic plan for language access in the California courts. Judicial Council of California.
California Legislature. (2017). Senate Bill 54: Law enforcement: Immigration (California Values Act). https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/ (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov in Bing)
California Rural Legal Assistance. (2023). Farmworker communities in the Central Valley. CRLA.
California Victim Compensation Board. (2024). Annual report to the Legislature. California Victim Compensation Board.
Capps, R., Castañeda, R. M., Chaudry, A., & Santos, R. (2007). Paying the price: The impact of immigration raids on America’s children. Urban Institute.
Castro, F. G., Barrera, M., & Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5(1), 41–45.
Cheng, L., & Yang, P. Q. (2000). The “model minority” deconstructed. In M. Zhou & J. V. Gatewood (Eds.), Contemporary Asian America: A multidisciplinary reader (2nd ed., pp. 459–482). New York University Press.
Chin, K. (1996). Chinatown gangs: Extortion, enterprise, and ethnicity. Oxford University Press.
Chin, K., Fagan, J., & Kelly, R. J. (2011). Globalization and crime: Illicit economies and criminal networks. Springer.
Clear, T. R. (2007). Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse. Oxford University Press.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training. (2024). Cultural diversity training requirements. California POST.
Cooper, A., & Smith, E. L. (2011). Homicide trends in the United States, 1980–2008. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Crow, M. S., & Johnson, K. A. (2008). Race, ethnicity, and habitual-offender sentencing: A multilevel analysis of individual and contextual threat. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 19(1), 63–83.
Cruz, J. M. (2008). The role of the church in gang prevention. In T. R. Simon, N. M. Ritter, & R. R. Mahendra (Eds.), Changing course: Preventing gang membership (pp. 139–151). National Institute of Justice.
Davis, R. C., & Erez, E. (1998). Immigrant populations as victims: Toward a multicultural criminal justice system. National Institute of Justice.
Davis, R. C., & Hendricks, N. J. (2007). Immigrants and law enforcement: A comparison of native-born and foreign-born Americans’ opinions related to crime. International Review of Victimology, 14(1), 81–94.
Davis, R. C., Erez, E., & Avitabile, N. (2001). Access to justice for immigrants who are victimized: The perspectives of police and prosecutors. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 12(3), 183–196.
Eberhardt, J. L., Goff, P. A., Purdie, V. J., & Davies, P. G. (2006). Seeing Black: Race, crime, and visual processing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 876–893.
Farrell, A., & Pfeffer, R. (2014). Policing human trafficking: Cultural blinders and organizational barriers. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 46–64.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2023). Crime in the United States, 2022 (Uniform Crime Reports). U.S. Department of Justice.
Feliciano, C. (2005). Educational selectivity in U.S. immigration: How do immigrants compare to those left behind? Demography, 42(1), 131–152.
Ferrell, J. (1997). Youth, crime, and cultural space. Social Justice, 24(4), 21–38.
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., & Young, J. (2015). Cultural criminology: An invitation (2nd ed.). Sage.
Fontes, L. A. (2002). Child discipline and physical abuse in immigrant Latino families: Reducing violence and misunderstandings. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(1), 31–40.
Fremon, C. (2004). Father Greg and the homeboys: The extraordinary journey of Father Greg Boyle and his work with the Latino gangs of East L.A. Hyperion.
Fridell, L. A. (2008). Racially biased policing: A principled response. Police Executive Research Forum.
Fukurai, H., & Krooth, R. (2003). Race in the jury box: Affirmative action in jury selection. State University of New York Press.
Fukurai, H., Butler, E. W., & Krooth, R. (1993). Race and the jury: Racial disenfranchisement and the search for justice. Plenum Press.
Gelman, A., Fagan, J., & Kiss, A. (2007). An analysis of the New York City Police Department’s “stop-and-frisk” policy in the context of claims of racial bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(479), 813–823.
Goffman, A. (2014). On the run: Fugitive life in an American city. University of Chicago Press.
Gonzalez, O., Collingwood, L., & El-Khatib, S. O. (2019). The politics of refuge: Sanctuary cities, crime, and undocumented immigration. Urban Affairs Review, 55(1), 3–40.
Gutiérrez, D. G. (1995). Walls and mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and the politics of ethnicity. University of California Press.
Hagan, J., & Peterson, R. D. (Eds.). (1995). Crime and inequality. Stanford University Press.
Ho, D. Y. F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of Sociology, 81(4), 867–884.
Ima, K., & Hohm, C. F. (1991). Child maltreatment among Asian and Pacific Islander refugees and immigrants: The San Diego case. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 6(3), 267–285.
Johnson, B. R. (2011). More God, less crime: Why faith matters and how it could matter more. Templeton Press.
Johnson, H., & Lofstrom, M. (2023). Crime trends in California. Public Policy Institute of California.
Karstedt, S. (2001). Comparing cultures, comparing crime: Challenges, prospects and problems for a global criminology. Crime, Law and Social Change, 36(3), 285–308.
Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of crime: Moral and sensual attractions in doing evil. Basic Books.
Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. University of Chicago Press.
Krivo, L. J., & Peterson, R. D. (1996). Extremely disadvantaged neighborhoods and urban crime. Social Forces, 75(2), 619–648.
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Peabody Museum.
Kubrin, C. E. (2005). Gangstas, thugs, and hustlas: Identity and the code of the street in rap music. Social Problems, 52(3), 360–378.
Kubrin, C. E., & Ousey, G. C. (2009). Exploring the connection between immigration and violent crime rates in U.S. cities, 1980–2000. Social Problems, 56(3), 447–473.
Kubrin, C. E., & Weitzer, R. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 374–402.
Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P., & Bellamy, N. (2002). Cultural sensitivity and adaptation in family-based prevention interventions. Prevention Science, 3(3), 241–256.
Kumpfer, K. L., Pinyuchon, M., de Melo, A. T., & Whiteside, H. O. (2008). Cultural adaptation process for international dissemination of the Strengthening Families Program. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 31(2), 226–239.
Lau, A. S. (2006). Making the case for selective and directed cultural adaptations of evidence-based treatments: Examples from parent training. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13(4), 295–310.
Le, C. N. (2007). Asian American assimilation: Ethnicity, immigration, and socioeconomic attainment. LFB Scholarly Publishing.
Lee, E., & Kolomer, S. R. (2005). Caregiver burden, demographics, and abuse in caregivers of older Koreans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 12(1), 37–53.
Lee, J., & Filipovic, M. (2022). Traditional medicine and drug policy: Cultural considerations in criminal justice. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 20(2), 145–162.
Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. (2024). Key indicators of health by service planning area. LACDPH.
Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department. (2023). Gang reduction and intervention program annual report. LASD.
Los Angeles Police Department. (2024). Workforce diversity report. LAPD.
Los Angeles Unified School District. (2024). School climate and safety report. LAUSD.
Martinez, R. (2002). Latino homicide: Immigration, violence, and community. Routledge.
Martinez, R., Stowell, J. I., & Lee, M. T. (2010). Immigration and crime in an era of transformation: A longitudinal analysis of homicides in San Diego neighborhoods, 1980–2000. Criminology, 48(3), 797–829.
Martínez-Schuldt, R. D., & Martínez, D. E. (2019). Sanctuary policies and city-level incidents of violence, 1990 to 2010. Justice Quarterly, 36(3), 567–593.
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993). American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Harvard University Press.
McGillis, D. (1997). Community mediation programs: Developments and challenges. National Institute of Justice.
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869–896.
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682.
Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (2013). Crime and the American dream (5th ed.). Wadsworth.
Moon, A., & Benton, D. (2000). Tolerance of elder abuse and attitudes toward third-party intervention among African American, Korean American, and White elderly. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 8(3–4), 283–303.
Murdaugh, C., Hunt, S., Sowell, R., & Santana, I. (2004). Domestic violence in Hispanics in the southeastern United States: A survey and needs analysis. Journal of Family Violence, 19(2), 107–115.
Nelken, D. (2011). Comparative criminal justice and globalization. Ashgate.
Nguyen, M. T., & Gill, H. (2010). The 287(g) program: The costs and consequences of local immigration enforcement in North Carolina communities. Latino Migration Project, University of North Carolina.
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Westview Press.
Ousey, G. C., & Kubrin, C. E. (2018). Immigration and crime: Assessing a contentious issue. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 63–84.
Perilla, J. L., Lippy, C., Rosales, A., & Serrata, J. V. (2011). Prevalence of domestic violence. In M. P. Koss, J. W. White, & A. E. Kazdin (Eds.), Violence against women and children: Navigating solutions (Vol. 2, pp. 19–37). American Psychological Association.
Petersilia, J. (1985). Racial disparities in the criminal justice system: A summary. Crime & Delinquency, 31(1), 15–34.
Peterson, R. D., & Krivo, L. J. (2010). Divergent social worlds: Neighborhood crime and the racial-spatial divide. Russell Sage Foundation.
Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24.
Portes, A., & Landolt, P. (1996). The downside of social capital. American Prospect, 26, 18–21.
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. University of California Press.
Portes, A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (2014). Immigrant America: A portrait (4th ed.). University of California Press.
Portes, A., & Zhou, M. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530(1), 74–96.
Public Policy Institute of California. (2023). Californians and their government. PPIC.
Public Policy Institute of California. (2024). Immigrants in California. PPIC.
Putnam, R. D. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137–174.
Raj, A., & Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8(3), 367–398.
Reina, A. S., Lohman, B. J., & Maldonado, M. M. (2017). “He said they’d deport me”: Factors influencing domestic violence help-seeking among Latina immigrants. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 593–615.
Renteln, A. D. (2004). The cultural defense. Oxford University Press.
Rios, V. M. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys. New York University Press.
Ross, R. (1998). Returning to the teachings: Exploring Aboriginal justice. Penguin Canada.
Rumbaut, R. G., & Ewing, W. A. (2007). The myth of immigrant criminality and the paradox of assimilation: Incarceration rates among native and foreign-born men. Immigration Policy Center.
Sampson, R. J. (2008). Rethinking crime and immigration. Contexts, 7(1), 28–33.
Sampson, R. J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. University of Chicago Press.
Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.
San Francisco Police Department. (2023). Language access services report. SFPD.
Sellin, T. (1938). Culture conflict and crime. Social Science Research Council.
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. University of Chicago Press.
Sherman, J. (2009). Those who work, those who don’t: Poverty, morality, and family in rural America. University of Minnesota Press.
Sides, J. (2003). L.A. city limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the present. University of California Press.
Skarbek, D. (2014). The social order of the underworld: How prison gangs govern the American penal system. Oxford University Press.
Skogan, W. G., & Frydl, K. (Eds.). (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. National Academies Press.
Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1997). Community policing, Chicago style. Oxford University Press.
Spohn, C. (2000). Thirty years of sentencing reform: The quest for a racially neutral sentencing process. In Criminal Justice 2000 (Vol. 3, pp. 427–501). U.S. Department of Justice.
Stowell, J. I., Messner, S. F., McGeever, K. F., & Raffalovich, L. E. (2009). Immigration and the recent violent crime drop in the United States: A pooled, cross-sectional time-series analysis of metropolitan areas. Criminology, 47(3), 889–928.
Sutherland, E. H. (1949). White collar crime. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Takaki, R. (1998). Strangers from a different shore: A history of Asian Americans (Updated ed.). Little, Brown.
Tamanaha, B. Z. (2008). Understanding legal pluralism: Past to present, local to global. Sydney Law Review, 30, 375–411.
Theodore, N. (2013). Insecure communities: Latino perceptions of police involvement in immigration enforcement. PolicyLink; University of Illinois at Chicago.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. J. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. Russell Sage Foundation.
Tyler, T. R., Sherman, L., Strang, H., Barnes, G. C., & Woods, D. (2007). Reintegrative shaming, procedural justice, and recidivism: The engagement of offenders’ psychological mechanisms in the Canberra RISE drinking-and-driving experiment. Law & Society Review, 41(3), 553–586.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). American Community Survey 5-year estimates, 2018–2022
Unnever, J. D., & Gabbidon, S. L. (2011). A theory of African American offending: Race, racism, and crime. Routledge.
Vaughan, J. M. (2006). Attrition through enforcement: A cost-effective strategy to shrink the illegal population. Center for Immigration Studies.
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. No. 106‑386, 114 Stat. 1464 (2000).
Vigil, J. D. (2002). A rainbow of gangs: Street cultures in the mega-city. University of Texas Press.
Visher, C. A., & Travis, J. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89–113.
Wolfgang, M. E., & Ferracuti, F. (1967). The subculture of violence: Towards an integrated theory in criminology. Tavistock Publications.
Xie, M., & Baumer, E. P. (2019). Neighborhood immigrant concentration and violent crime reporting to the police: A multilevel analysis of data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminology, 57(2), 237–267.
Yang, K. (2004). Southeast Asian American children: Not the “model minority”. Routledge.
Yoshihama, M. (2002). Battered women’s coping strategies and psychological distress: Differences by immigration status. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(3), 429–452.
Zhou, M. (2009). Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, ethnicity, and community transformation. Temple University Press.
Zhou, M., & Bankston, C. L. (1998). Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. Russell Sage Foundation.
Zhou, M., & Gatewood, J. V. (Eds.). (2000). Contemporary Asian America: A multidisciplinary reader. New York University Press.
Zhou, M., & Kim, S. S. (2006). Community forces, social capital, and educational achievement: The case of supplementary education in the Chinese and Korean immigrant communities. Harvard Educational Review, 76(1), 1–29.

