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3.5: Chapter Summary

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    The Social Contract explains why it is important for society to be governed by rules and laws. Thomas Hobbes assumed people would strive for more wealth and power in what could be described as a “dog eat dog” society, where, he believed, people will do whatever is required to survive in a state of nature, where rules and laws are non-existent. This would mean that people will act in “wicked” ways to survive, including attacking others before they are attacked themselves. With rules in place, people feel protected against attack. The Bill of Rights encompasses the first ten amendments to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights contains the bulk of civil liberties. Unlike the Constitution, with its emphasis on powers and structures, the Bill of Rights speaks of “the people,” and it outlines the rights that are central to individual freedom. An arrest occurs when a person is taken into custody in a manner authorized by law. An arrest can be made by a sworn law enforcement officer or by a private citizen. According to the California Penal Code, both law enforcement officials and private persons have the legal right to make an arrest. Miranda v Arizona (1966) set a precedent which held that the prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody, or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way, unless it demonstrates the use of procedural safeguards effective to secure the Fifth Amendment’s privilege against self-incrimination.

    Key Terms
    • The Social Contract
    • Thomas Hobbes
    • The Bill of Rights
    • The Fourteenth Amendment
    • The Laws of Arrest
    • Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
    • Arraignment

    Review Questions

    1. Provide a summary of the Social Contract. Be sure to incorporate all the points made by the author.
    2. Outline each of the amendments included in the Bill of Rights. Highlight the most relevant amendments related to the field of criminology.
    3. Explain the laws of arrest. Remember to be detailed in your response.
    4. Describe the Miranda Rights and explain all it provides for someone who has been arrested.
    5. What happens during the arraignment process?

    This page titled 3.5: Chapter Summary was last modified on Sat, 03 Oct 2026 18:49:38 GMT and is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by George Cartwright.