3.1: Module 12- Surface Modeling – Part 1

Module 12: Surface Modeling – Part 1

Learning Outcomes

When you have completed this module, you will be able to:

1. Describe surface faces and meshes and explain when and why they are used.
2. Apply the 3DFACE command to create simple face surfaced models.

Surface Models

A surface model is a 3D model with all of its outer surfaces covered with a thin coating. Think of it as an empty box with a balloon skin. All the sides that define its shape are covered but it is hollow on the inside. Unlike a solid model, the volume, weight, and centre of gravity of a surface model cannot be calculated by AutoCAD. Solid modeling is taught in Modules 17 to 31.

There are many reasons why surface models are constructed rather than solid models. A surface model can be used to create objects that have complex curved shapes which are difficult to construct as a solid models. For industries such as the automobile, aircraft, and ship design, surfaces are used as a crucial part of their CAD design. For 3D mapping, surface meshes are used to define the 3D physical shape of the earth.

Surface Types

A surface can be either created with a face or a mesh or a combination of the two. A surface face is a good method to create simple surfaces while a surface mesh works for all surfaces including complex and curved surfaces. Figure 12-1 shows a model covered with a surface mesh. Faces and meshes can be combined, on the same model, when surfacing a model by creating some of the surfaces with faces and some with meshes. Once a model is surfaced, it can be shaded as shown in Figure 12-2.

Figure 12-1
Model with Surface Mesh

Figure 12-2
Shaded Surfaced Model

USER TIP: Although a model can be created with surfaces alone, it is much easier to construct it as a wireframe model first. Draw the wireframe on layer Model and when it is complete, create the surfaces and then freeze layer Model.

Wireframe Model                                                                      Surfaced Model

AutoCAD Command: 3DFACE

The 3DFACE command is used to create a surface face bounded by a minimum of three and a maximum of four edges.

Shortcut: 3F

USER TIP: There is no undo in the 3DFACE command. Be very careful when selecting the endpoints and plan the best order to create the surfaces before entering the command. If you make a mistake inside the command, all surface faces created in that command will be lost and you must reenter the command and start over.

WORK ALONG: Inserting Surface Faces

Step 1

Using the NEW command, start a new drawing using template: 3D Layout English.

Step 2

Save and name the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Workalong 12-1.

Step 3

Set the current UCS to World. Enter the UNITS command and in the Units dialogue box, set the Insertion Units to Inches. Using the INSERT command, insert the block:

AutoCAD 3D Lab 01-2 at the coordinates 0,0,0. Explode the block and set the current view to SE Isometric. (Figure Step 3)

Figure Step 3

Step 4

Change the layer of all wireframe lines to layer: Model. (Figure Step 4)

Figure Step 4

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: The 3DFACE command is used to create a surface face bounded by a minimum of three and a maximum of four edges. The faces can be joined together with visible or invisible edges. By using invisible edges, several surfaces can be created to appear as one large surface.

Step 5

On layer: Construction, draw the construction lines to help you insert the surfaces. Keep in mind that the maximum number of sides that a face can be bound by is 4. Draw the lines on all six sides. (Figure Step 5)

Figure Step 5

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Instead of drawing all the construction lines from scratch, try copying existing wireframe lines, using object snap, to locate them exactly and then change their layer to Construction.

Step 6

Set layer: Surface Face as the current layer. Enter the 3DFACE command, as shown below, to place a surface face on the wireframe model. Ensure you snap to the endpoints of the wireframe lines. (Figure Step 6)

Figure Step 6

Command: 3DFACE

Specify first point or [Invisible]: (end) P1

Specify second point or [Invisible]: (end) P2

Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (end) P3

Specify fourth point or [Invisible]: (end) P4

(The surface face is defined by snapping to endpoints of existing wireframe lines. Pick points moving around the surface. Do not crisscross.)

Command:

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Surface face construction can be completed faster by inserting several faces in the same command. Since a face can only have a maximum of four sides, there are times when two or more faces must joined together to surface a plane on the model. A shaded model will appear much cleaner if the edges between the faces are inserted with invisible edges.

Step 7

Enter the 3DFACE command as shown below. In this command, insert the common edges on the same plane as invisible. The figure shows the two edges (marked with an I) that should be inserted as invisible. (Figure Step 7)

Figure Step 7

Command: 3DFACE

Specify first point or [Invisible]: (end) P5

Specify second point or [Invisible]: (end) P6

Specify third point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: I

(You want the last edge to be invisible.)

Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (end) P7

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P8

Specify third point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: I

(You want the last edge to be invisible.)

Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>: (end) P9

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P10

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P11

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P12

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P13

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P14

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P15

Specify fourth point or [Invisible] <create three-sided face>: (end) P16

Specify third point or [Invisible] <exit>:

Command:

Step 8

To check the surfaces you just inserted, set the current visual style to Realistic as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 8)

Figure Step 8

Step 9

Change the current visual style to 3D Wireframe.

Step 10

Using the 3DFACE command, add faces to completely surface the model. Ensure that you apply faces on the back and bottom. Turn layers: Model and Construction off.

Step 11

Change the current visual style to Realistic. Using the 3DFORBIT command, ensure that the complete model is surfaced. (Figure Step 11A and 11B)

Figure Step 11A

Figure Step 11B

Step 12

Save and close the drawing.

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Do not be concerned if your shaded model does not match the figures in the module exactly. There are many visual style settings that can be set to change the look of the shaded model. For now, all you should be concerned about is being able to surface the model. The advanced features of customizing visual styles are taught in the AutoCAD 3D Advanced book.

Key Principles

Key Principles in Module 12

1. A surface model is a 3D model with all of its outer surfaces covered with a A surface can be either created with a face or a mesh. A surface face is a good method to create simple surfaces while a surface mesh works for all surfaces including complex and curved surfaces.
2. Faces and meshes can be combined when surfacing a model by creating some of the surfaces with faces and some with
3. The 3DFACE command is used to create a surface face bounded by a minimum of three and a maximum of four The faces can be joined together with visible or invisible edges to make the faces appear as large as necessary.

Lab Exercise 12-1

Time allowed: 60 minutes.

Drawing Name	Template	Units
AutoCAD 3D Lab 12-1	3D Layout English	Inches

Step 1

On layer: Model, draw a wireframe model of the object shown in the figures. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)

Step 2

On layer: Surface Face, create surface faces on all surfaces including the back and bottom. Make all surface edges invisible.

Step 3

Freeze layers: Construction and Model.

Figure Step 1A
Dimensioned Multiview Drawing

Step 4

See the current visual style to Realistic. Using 3DFORBIT, check it for completeness.

Step 5

Set the Insertion Units, change the current UCS to World and check the model with the key.

Figure Step 1B Wireframe of Model SE Isometric View

Figure Step 1C
Shaded Model

Step 6

Save and close the drawing.

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Do not be concerned if your shaded model does not match the figures in the module exactly. There are many visual style settings that can be set to change the look of the shaded model. For now, all you should be concerned about is being able to surface the model.The advanced features of customizing visual styles are taught in the AutoCAD 3D Advanced book.

Lab Exercise 12-2

Time allowed: 40 minutes.

Drawing Name	Template	Units
AutoCAD 3D Lab 12-2	N/A	Millimeters

Step 1

Open the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Lab 05-2.

Step 2

Using the SAVEAS command, save the drawing with the name: AutoCAD 3D Lab 12-2.

Step 3

On layer: Surface 3, create surface faces on each side including the back and bottom. (Figure Step 3A and 3B)

Figure Step 3A
Wireframe Model

Figure Step 3B
Surfaced Model – Shaded

Step 4

Freeze layers: Construction and Model.

Step 5

See the current visual style to Realistic. Using 3DFORBIT, check it for completeness.

Step 6

Save and close the drawing.

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Do not be concerned if your shaded model does not match the figures in the module exactly. There are many visual style settings that can be set to change the look of the shaded model. For now, all you should be concerned about is being able to surface the model. The advanced features of customizing visual styles are taught in the AutoCAD 3D Advanced book.

Lab Exercise 12-3

Time allowed: 40 minutes.

Drawing Name	Template	Units
AutoCAD 3D Lab 12-3	N/A	Inches

Step 1

Open the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Lab 07-1.

Step 2

Using the SAVEAS command, save the drawing with the name: AutoCAD 3D Lab 12-3.

Step 3

On layer: Surface 2, create surface faces on each side including the back and bottom. Surface all of it with mesh surfaces. (Figure Step 3A and 3B)

Figure Step 3A
Wireframe Model

Figure Step 3B
Surfaced Model – Shaded

Step 4

When complete, freeze layers: Construction and Model.

Step 5

See the current visual style to Realistic. Using 3DFORBIT, check it for completeness.

Step 6

Save and close the drawing.

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Do not be concerned if your shaded model does not match the figures in the module exactly. There are many visual style settings that can be set to change the look of the shaded model. For now, all you should be concerned about is being able to surface the model. The advanced features of customizing visual styles are taught in the AutoCAD 3D Advanced book.