12.4: Guns
- Page ID
- 44651
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Large sprinklers called guns have been developed for stationary and moving irrigation systems. A gun has a single large diameter nozzle that discharges large flows and throws water long distances. Stand-alone guns can be portable or installed at a fixed site (Figure 12.14). Water can be supplied from buried pipelines with valves that allow the gun to be moved from riser to riser, or water can be supplied from portable pipes. Guns can be operated to provide overlap and uniform irrigation. In other cases, guns may be used for irregular areas where uniformity is a secondary objective.
Figure 12.14. Illustration of gun sprinklers (photos a and b are courtesy of Nelson; photo c is courtesy of Wade Rain, Inc.).
Big guns are also useful for distribution of wastewater from animal feeding operations or effluent from processing centers. An example of animal wastewater application is illustrated in Figure 12.14d. Guns are well suited to wastewater application because the nozzle are large, high pressures are used and all discharge is through one nozzle, so the flow velocity remains high minimizing clogging or plugging.
Figure 12.15. Performance of types of nozzles for guns. (Data from Nelson Irrigation Corp.)
The performance of Model 150 and 200 guns from Nelson Irrigation Corporation is listed in Table 12.6. The performance includes the discharge and wetted diameter for some nozzle sizes and a range of pressures. Three types of nozzles are included. Taper nozzles are shaped to minimize turbulence and provide high flows and large throw distances. The ring nozzle creates more turbulence which reduces flow and throw (Figure 12.15). A hybrid nozzle called the tapered-ring nozzle falls between the tapered and ring nozzles. The jet from a tapered nozzle does not break up as completely and provides larger droplets. Large droplets travel further and retain their velocity longer than small drops. This provides increased throw but also causes a donut pattern and compacts bare soils. Conversely, ring nozzles provide more breakup; thus, the wetted diameter is less than for tapered nozzle and the water application from ring nozzles is gentler. The discharge of the ring nozzle varies from 60 to 75% of the flow from the tapered nozzle. The wetted diameter of the ring nozzle is about 85% of that for the tapered nozzle (Figure 12.15).
Data in Table 12.6 show that the discharge ranges from 100 to over 1200 gpm from a single gun. Simultaneously the wetted diameter varies from 250 to over 600 feet depending on the nozzle size and operating pressure. Such a large operating range makes guns flexible and adaptable to many conditions. The large jet can compact bare soil surfaces and reduce infiltration rates. Energy in large drops moving at high velocity may cause leaf damage for sensitive plants. Operating pressures range from 50 to 130 psi making gun-based systems expensive to operate. These systems also experience significant pressure loss in conveyance systems because large flows must be delivered to the end of the supply pipeline. These systems also require pipe with higher pressure ratings which increases investment costs. Guns may apply water at high application rates that cause runoff and erosion, especially on steep slopes and clayey soils.
| 150 Series Big Guns—24° Trajectory[a] 150 T Taper Bore Nozzles | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size: | 0.7 in | 0.7 in | 0.8 in | 0.8 in | 0.9 in | 0.9 in | 1.0 in | 1.0 in | 1.1 in | 1.1 in | 1.2 in | 1.2 in | 1.3 in | 1.3 in | ||
|
Press.(psi) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
||
| 50 | 100 | 250 | 130 | 270 | 165 | 290 | 205 | 310 | 255 | 330 | 300 | 345 | 350 | 360 | ||
| 60 | 110 | 265 | 143 | 285 | 182 | 305 | 225 | 325 | 275 | 345 | 330 | 365 | 385 | 380 | ||
| 70 | 120 | 280 | 155 | 300 | 197 | 320 | 245 | 340 | 295 | 360 | 355 | 380 | 415 | 395 | ||
| 80 | 128 | 290 | 165 | 310 | 210 | 335 | 260 | 355 | 315 | 375 | 380 | 395 | 445 | 410 | ||
| 90 | 135 | 300 | 175 | 320 | 223 | 345 | 275 | 365 | 335 | 390 | 405 | 410 | 475 | 425 | ||
| 100 | 143 | 310 | 185 | 330 | 235 | 355 | 290 | 375 | 355 | 400 | 425 | 420 | 500 | 440 | ||
| 110 | 150 | 320 | 195 | 340 | 247 | 365 | 305 | 385 | 370 | 410 | 445 | 430 | 525 | 450 | ||
| 120 | 157 | 330 | 204 | 350 | 258 | 375 | 320 | 395 | 385 | 420 | 465 | 440 | 545 | 460 | ||
| 150 Series Big Guns—24° Trajectory[a] 150 R Ring Nozzles | ||||||||||||||||
| Size: | 0.86 in | 0.86 in | 0.97 in | 0.97 in | 1.08 in | 1.08 in | 1.18 in | 1.18 in | 1.26 in | 1.26 in | 1.34 in | 1.34 in | 1.41 in | 1.41 in | ||
|
Press (psi) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
||
| 50 | 100 | 245 | 130 | 265 | 165 | 285 | 205 | 300 | 255 | 320 | 300 | 335 | 350 | 350 | ||
| 60 | 110 | 260 | 143 | 280 | 182 | 300 | 225 | 315 | 275 | 335 | 330 | 350 | 385 | 365 | ||
| 70 | 120 | 270 | 155 | 290 | 197 | 310 | 245 | 330 | 295 | 350 | 355 | 365 | 415 | 380 | ||
| 80 | 128 | 280 | 165 | 310 | 210 | 320 | 260 | 340 | 315 | 360 | 380 | 380 | 445 | 395 | ||
| 90 | 135 | 290 | 175 | 300 | 223 | 330 | 275 | 350 | 335 | 370 | 405 | 390 | 475 | 405 | ||
| 100 | 143 | 300 | 185 | 320 | 235 | 340 | 290 | 360 | 355 | 380 | 425 | 400 | 500 | 415 | ||
| 110 | 150 | 310 | 195 | 330 | 247 | 350 | 305 | 370 | 370 | 390 | 445 | 410 | 525 | 425 | ||
| 120 | 157 | 315 | 204 | 335 | 258 | 360 | 320 | 380 | 385 | 400 | 465 | 420 | 545 | 435 | ||
| 200 Series Big Guns—27° Trajectory[a] 200 T Taper Bore Nozzles | ||||||||||||||||
| Size: | 1.05 in | 1.05 in | 1.2 in | 1.2 in | 1.3 in | 1.3 in | 1.4 in | 1.4 in | 1.5 in | 1.5 in | 1.6 in | 1.6 in | 1.75 in | 1.75 in | 1.9 in | 1.9 in |
| Press (psi) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
| 60 | 250 | 345 | 330 | 375 | 385 | 390 | 440 | 410 | 515 | 430 | 585 | 445 | 695 | 470 | 825 | 495 |
| 70 | 270 | 360 | 355 | 395 | 415 | 410 | 480 | 430 | 555 | 450 | 630 | 465 | 755 | 495 | 890 | 515 |
| 80 | 290 | 375 | 380 | 410 | 445 | 430 | 515 | 450 | 590 | 470 | 675 | 485 | 805 | 515 | 950 | 535 |
| 90 | 310 | 390 | 405 | 425 | 475 | 445 | 545 | 465 | 625 | 485 | 715 | 505 | 855 | 535 | 1005 | 555 |
| 100 | 325 | 400 | 425 | 440 | 500 | 460 | 575 | 480 | 660 | 500 | 755 | 520 | 900 | 550 | 1060 | 575 |
| 110 | 340 | 410 | 445 | 450 | 525 | 470 | 605 | 495 | 695 | 515 | 790 | 535 | 945 | 565 | 1110 | 590 |
| 120 | 355 | 420 | 465 | 460 | 545 | 480 | 630 | 505 | 725 | 530 | 825 | 550 | 985 | 580 | 1160 | 605 |
| 130 | 370 | 425 | 485 | 465 | 565 | 485 | 655 | 515 | 755 | 540 | 860 | 560 | 1025 | 590 | 1210 | 620 |
| 200 Series Big Guns—27° Trajectory[a] 200 R Ring Nozzles | ||||||||||||||||
| Size: | 1.29 in | 1.29 in | 1.46 in | 1.46 in | 1.56 in | 1.56 in | 1.66 in | 1.66 in | 1.74 in | 1.74 in | 1.83 in | 1.83 in | 1.93 in | 1.93 in | ||
| Press (psi) |
Flow |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
Flow (gpm) |
Diam (ft.) |
||
| 50 | 230 | 325 | 300 | 355 | 350 | 370 | 410 | 390 | 470 | 405 | 535 | 420 | 640 | 435 | ||
| 60 | 250 | 340 | 330 | 370 | 385 | 390 | 445 | 410 | 515 | 425 | 585 | 440 | 695 | 455 | ||
| 70 | 270 | 355 | 355 | 385 | 415 | 405 | 480 | 425 | 555 | 440 | 630 | 455 | 755 | 475 | ||
| 80 | 290 | 370 | 380 | 400 | 445 | 420 | 515 | 440 | 590 | 455 | 675 | 470 | 805 | 490 | ||
| 90 | 310 | 380 | 400 | 415 | 475 | 435 | 545 | 455 | 625 | 470 | 715 | 485 | 855 | 505 | ||
| 100 | 325 | 390 | 425 | 425 | 500 | 445 | 575 | 465 | 660 | 480 | 755 | 500 | 900 | 520 | ||
| 110 | 340 | 400 | 445 | 435 | 525 | 455 | 605 | 475 | 685 | 490 | 790 | 510 | 945 | 535 | ||
| 120 | 355 | 410 | 465 | 445 | 545 | 465 | 630 | 485 | 725 | 500 | 825 | 520 | 985 | 545 | ||
| 130 | 370 | 415 | 485 | 450 | 565 | 470 | 655 | 490 | 755 | 505 | 860 | 525 | 1025 | 550 | ||
| [a] The diameter of throw is approximately 2% less for the 24° trajectory angle and 5% less for the 21° trajectory angle | ||||||||||||||||