1.2: Mainstream Person-Centered Planning Practice
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)From the early 1970s requirements for individual service plans played a part in social care reforms as attention to individual skill development overcame professional pessimism about the educability of people with developmental disabilities. Over about thirty years, approaches to individual planning developed, sometimes into the mainstream forms of person-centered planning in use today.
In the context of mainstream service delivery, person-centered planning usually has characteristics like these. The stated purpose is to improve measurable service outcomes that advance system policy. The process addresses the person as a service user: consumer, client, recipient, patient. A system authorized service coordinator facilitates or oversees the process. It seeks the benefits of active service user involvement in care by clarifying goals and specifying available services that will cost-effectively assist goal attainment. The process promotes informed choice among available, cost-effective services and treatments a person is eligible to receive. It refers service users to services funded from other sources. It sees family members as carers who may also be eligible for services. The process aims for a good balance between what matters to a person and what matters for a person, where what matters for the person is judged from the perspective of managing organizational risk. It pursues a good fit between personal preferences and the way available services are delivered.
Mainstream applications of person-centered planning function as tools in social care reform and are managed bureaucratically. Under administrative authority and with advice from stakeholders, social care systems typically define a form of person-centered planning, promulgate rules to govern its practice, tie the chosen form of planning into resource allocation and service coordination processes, set the tempo for planning events, incorporate planning into audited record-keeping routines, provide technical assistance, develop curricula, and require courses of training (e.g., NQF, 2020). Academic research centers and consulting firms usually play important roles in definition and implementation (e.g. HSRI, 2020).
*Terms are contested and changing. Since 1950 the diagnostic label mental deficiency has been succeeded in turn by mental handicap, mental retardation, learning difficulty and learning disability (in the UK), and intellectual disability. I chose developmental disability to aggregate the human service labels assigned to the people who collaborated in producing the forms of person-centered planning discussed here. A North American administrative coinage, it identifies people with different diagnoses who share a life long need for coordinated services that originates before age 22. Intellectual disability, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and other conditions that produce needs for similar services are commonly grouped under this label. Social Care” is a common term for what the US knows as “Long-Term Care.”
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