7: The Arrest
- Page ID
- 35583
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 7.1: Overview, Objectives, and Key Terms
- This page outlines the arrest process, emphasizing proper protocols for valid arrests. It explores key concepts like probable cause and reasonable suspicion, detailing when they apply. The methods officers use to gather intelligence and establish probable cause through various sources are examined. Additionally, it addresses arrestees' rights and defines false arrest, providing a thorough understanding of the arrest framework.
- 7.2: Critical Thinking
- This page explores probable cause and reasonable suspicion in law enforcement, using scenarios involving Officer Johnson to illustrate the differences. One scenario reflects probable cause through matching descriptors and incriminating evidence, while another depicts reasonable suspicion based on suspicious behavior. It emphasizes the necessity for officers to consider the totality of circumstances and articulate facts for informed decision-making, along with procedural steps post-arrest.
- 7.3: Identifying Probable Cause
- This page explains the concepts of probable cause and reasonable suspicion, noting their imprecise legal definitions. It highlights the differing standards of evidence, with probable cause necessitating stronger evidence for arrests, while reasonable suspicion allows for less invasive actions like detentions. The page also points out the courts' hesitance to assign specific probability percentages to these standards, emphasizing a reliance on common sense over strict rules.
- 7.4: Developing Probable Cause
- This page covers the principles of probable cause and reasonable suspicion in law enforcement, stressing the need for specific facts and the totality of circumstances. It highlights the role of common sense and the impact of multiple incriminating factors.
- 7.5: Unique Circumstances
- This page outlines the significance of circumstantial evidence in establishing probable cause and reasonable suspicion for law enforcement. It emphasizes that officers can make inferences based on their training but cannot solely rely on hunches. Information must be relayed to the acting officer with some exceptions, and hearsay can be used unless it violates constitutional standards. Reasonable mistakes of fact may be accepted, while mistakes of law are not permissible.
- 7.6: Rights of the Arrestee
- This page outlines the rights of individuals upon arrest, specifically under the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments. It highlights the importance of being informed of Miranda Rights, the right to remain silent, the right to a speedy trial, and protections against excessive bail and cruel punishment. Arrestees are entitled to contact an attorney and family, and must be arraigned within 48 hours. Failure to inform them of these rights could render their statements inadmissible in court.
- 7.7: Use of Force Continuum
- This page discusses law enforcement agencies' use-of-force policies, which outline a continuum of responses from Officer Presence to Lethal Force based on specific circumstances. The appropriate force level is determined by factors like suspect behavior and officer evaluations, allowing for adjustments based on threats. All incidents necessitate investigation and documentation, and officers are required to justify their chosen force level in reports.
- 7.8: Use of Force During Arrest
- This page examines police use of force, focusing on the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which aims to limit excessive force. It highlights difficulties in quantifying police force, which can range widely, and discusses the risks associated with vehicle pursuits that have led to increased fatalities among bystanders. Consequently, many police departments have adapted their pursuit policies to permit chases only in scenarios where public safety is critically threatened.
- 7.9: Does the Militarization of Police Contribute to Use of Force Issues? One Study Finds Yes
- This page addresses the issue of police militarization and its psychological effects on officers, leading to a tendency for quicker lethal force in civilian encounters. Case studies like Antwan Rose and Philando Castile illustrate how militarized police view civilians as threats, escalating tensions.