4.1: Module 17- Solid Modeling – Part 1

Module 17: Solid Modeling – Part 1

Learning Outcomes

When you have completed this module, you will be able to:

1. List the six solid primitives.
2. Apply the BOX, WEDGE, CYLINDER, UNION, and SUBTRACT commands to draw solid models using solid models using solid primitives.

Solid Modeling

A solid model is the best possible computerized representation of a real object. A solid model is one AutoCAD object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model, unlike a hollow wireframe or surfaced model, is solid. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it. Displaying the mass properties is taught in Module 25.

In a lot of ways, constructing a solid model is simpler than constructing a surfaced model. It is important to understand that when you construct solid models, you must still use all of the 3D construction techniques that were taught in the first 16 modules.

Solid Primitives

The most basic method of constructing solid models is to create a series of solid primitives and then add them together or subtract them from one another to complete the solid model. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool. The six primitives are the box, wedge, cylinder, sphere, cone and torus. See Figure 17-1. In this module, you will be constructing solid boxes, wedges, and cylinders.

The next four modules teaches many different commands and techniques used to construct solid models. You can pick and choose how and when to use them to construct each model.

Figure 17-1
Solid Primitives

AutoCAD Command: BOX

The BOX command is used to create a solid box primitive.

Shortcut: none

Modeling Toolbar

Draw Pull-down

Home Ribbon

AutoCAD Command: WEDGE

The WEDGE command is used to create a solid wedge primitive.

Shortcut: none

Modeling Toolbar

Draw Pull-down

Home Ribbon

AutoCAD Command: ISOLINES

The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, the drawing must be regenerated to display the revised setting.

Shortcut: none Command: ISOLINES

Enter new value for ISOLINES <8>: 32

Command:

Isolines = 8                                  Isolines = 32

AutoCAD Command:  UNION

The UNION command is used to join two or more solids together to form one solid object.

Shortcut: none

Modify Pull-down

Solid Editing Toolbar

Home Ribbon

AutoCAD Command: SUBTRACT

The SUBTRACT command is used to subtract one or more solids from another solid.

Shortcut: SU

Modify Pull-down

Solid Editing Toolbar

Home Ribbon

AutoCAD Command: CYLINDER

The CYLINDER command is used to create a solid cylinder primitive.

Shortcut: none

Modeling Toolbar

Raw Pull-down

Home Ribbon

WORK ALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders

Step 1

Using the NEW command, start a new drawing using template: 3D Layout English.

Step 2

Save and name the drawing: AutoCAD 3D Workalong 17-1. (Figure Step 2A and 2B)

Figure Step 2A
SE Isometric View – Solid Model

Figure Step 2B
Dimensioned Multiview Drawing

Step 3

Set the current view to SE Isometric, the current UCS to World and the current visual style to 2D Wireframe.

Step 4

Set the current layer to Solid 7.

Step 5

Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to draw the solid box. (Figure Step 5).

Command: BOX

Specify first corner or [Center]: 0,0,0 Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @6,4

(6 units in the positive X and 4 units in the positive Y.)

Specify height or [2Point] <3.1668>: 1

(1 unit in the positive Z.)

Command:

Figure Step 5

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using it. In 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems. In the BOX command in Step 6, as soon as you snap to the first corner, disable osnap for the remainder of the command.

Step 6

Enter the BOX command, as shown below, to add a box to the model. (Figure Step 6A and 6B).

Command: BOX

Specify first corner or [Center]: (end) P1

Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @1,4

Specify height or [2Point] <1.0000>: 3

Command:

Figure Step 6A

Figure Step 6B

Step 7

Using on of the orbit commands, orbit the model slightly. Enter the WEDGE command, as shown below, to create a solid wedge primitive as shown in the figure. Using the MOVE command, move the wedge to centre it. Move the wedge by snapping to the midpoint of the wedge to the midpoint on the box. (Figure Step 7A, 7B, and 7C)

Command: WEDGE

Specify first corner or [Center]: (mid)

(See Figure Step 7A)

Specify other corner or [Cube/Length]: @2,1

Specify height or [2Point] <3.0000>: 2

Command:

Figure Step 7A

Figure Step 7B

Figure Step 7C

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: The wedge was drawn in the wrong location to save doing the math and then moved to its correct location. The less math you do, the fewer mistakes you will make.

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Unlike a wireframe, you cannot offset an edge of a solid model as a construction technique. What you have to do is draw construction lines on the model first. You can snap to the corners of the edges of the model so it is relatively simple to draw the construction lines. After you draw the construction lines, you can offset them.

Step 8

Draw three construction lines on the edges of the box. (Figure Step 8)

Figure Step 8

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: Keep in mind that the OFFSET command is a 2D command so you must locate the current UCS in the correct orientation before you use it. In this case, World or Top will work.

Step 9

Offset the construction lines to locate the centre of the holes. (Figure Step 9)

Figure Step 9

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that a curved surface solid model will be constructed with. They appear in the wireframe visual style of the model. The higher the setting, the smoother the solid will appear when it is shaded or rendered. The down side is that the higher the number of isolines used, the more calculations are required when AutoCAD regenerates the model, which in turn slows you down. The valid settings are from 0 to 2047. After you change the setting with this variable, you must regenerate the drawing to display the revised setting on the model.

Step 10

Enter the ISOLINES system variable, as shown below, setting it to 16. Command: ISOLINES

Enter new value for ISOLINES <4>: 16

Command:

Step 11

Enter the CYLINDER command, as shown below, to construct a cylinder for the left hole. After you do that, construct the cylinder on the right side. (Figure Step 11A and 11B)

Command: CYLINDER

Current wire frame density: ISOLINES=16

Specify centre point for base of cylinder or [Elliptical] <0,0,0>: (int) P3

Specify radius for base of cylinder or [Diameter]: D

Specify diameter for base of cylinder: 0.75

Specify height of cylinder or [Center of other end]: -1

(Since the cylinder is constructed 1 unit in the -Z direction -1 is used here.)

Command:

Figure Step 11A

Figure Step 11B

Step 12

Turn layer Construction off and your model should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 12)

Figure Step 12

Step 13

Enter the UNION command, as shown below, to create one solid from the two boxes and the wedge. (Figure Step 13)

Command: UNION

Select objects: 1 found

Select objects: 1 found, 2 total

Select objects: 1 found, 3 total

(Select one solid at a time by picking them.)

Select objects:

Command:

Figure Step 13

Step 14

Your model is now one solid and should appear as shown in the figure. (Figure Step 14)

Figure Step 14

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: When complete, a solid model must be one object. It cannot be a combination of solids. Use the UNION and/or the SUBTRACT commands to do this.

Step 15

Enter the SUBTRACT command, as shown below, to subtract the two cylinders from the model to create the holes. (Figure Step 15A and 15B)

Command: SUBTRACT

Select solids and regions to subtract from ..

Select objects: 1 found

(Select the solid model. See Figure Step 15A)

Select objects:

(Press Enter to change to subtract mode.)

Select solids and regions to subtract .. Select objects: 1 found

Select objects: 1 found, 2 total

(Select each cylinder by picking them one at a time See Figure Step 15B.)

Figure Step 15A

Figure Step 15B

Step 16

Open the Properties window and select the solid model. Ensure it is one AutoCAD object only. (Figure Step 16)

Figure Step 16

AUTHOR’S COMMENTS: When the solid is selected, it should all highlight and display dashed indicating it is one solid object. Another way to check if the solid is one object is to select the solid and delete it. It should totally disappear. Undo the command to undelete the solid.

Step 17

Set the current visual style to Realistic. (Figure Step 17)

Figure Step 17

Step 18

Save and close the drawing.

MUST KNOW: When two or more solid primitives are used to construct a solid model, the UNION and/or SUBTRACT commands must be used to create one solid object which is one AutoCAD object. When complete, a solid model must be only one object.

Five Solids that Appear as One Solid.                                                                                One Solid Model or One Object in AutoCAD

Five Solids that Appear as One Solid Shaded                                                           The Solid Model Shaded

Key Principles

Key Principles in Module 17

1. A solid model is the best possible computerized representation of an object. It is a much more complete model then a wireframe or a surfaced model. A solid model can be rendered or shaded plus the mass properties can be obtained from it.
2. Using solid primitives is not the best method of solid modeling, but at times they can be a very useful modeling tool.
3. Ensure that you disable osnap mode when you are not using When working in 3D, an enabled osnap mode can cause a lot of problems.
4. The ISOLINES system variable is used set the number of contour lines that are used to construct curved surfaces in the solid model.

Lab Exercise 17-1

Time allowed: 40 minutes.

Drawing Name	Template	Units
AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-1	3D Layout English	Inches

Step 1

On layer Solid 3, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)

Figure Step 1A
Dimensioned Multiview Drawing

Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View

Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View

Step 2

Set the Isolines to 16.

Step 3

Use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.

Step 4

Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.

Step 5

Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.

Step 6

Save and close the drawing.

Lab Exercise 17-2

Time allowed: 40 minutes.

Drawing Name	Template	Units
AutoCAD 3D Lab 17-2	3D Layout Metric	Millimeters

Step 1

On layer Solid 1, draw a solid model of the object. (Figure Step 1A, 1B, and 1C)

Figure Step 1A
Dimensioned Multiview Drawing

 

Step 2

Set the Isolines to 20.

Step 3

If necessary, use the UNION and SUBTRACT commands to create one solid object only.

Step 4

Set the current visual style to Realistic and check the model by orbiting it with the with the 3DFORBIT command.

Step 5

Check to ensure that the solid is one object only. See Step 16 in WORKALONG: Creating Solid Models Using Boxes, Wedges and Cylinders.

Figure Step 1B Completed Solid Model SE Isometric View

Figure Step 1C Completed Solid Model SW Isometric View

Step 6

Save and close the drawing.