1.8: Chapter Glossary and Notes

Glossary

Popular control. The citizens of a community become deeply involved with the actions of their leaders.

Social capital. Democratic institutions require an attitude of cooperation and trust among the citizenry. For democracy to work, citizens must share similar values and pursue common objectives. This depends upon the social culture of an area. The culture of a city expresses values and norms that underlie development priorities.

Public approval and involvement. Some cities work through neighborhood councils that exercise discretion over land use. Other cities give expression to popular opinion through programmatic political parties. Still others, offer few outlets for popular participation and actually design institutions so that local democracy is discouraged with cohesive political party systems.

Market conditions. Market conditions consist of the circumstances or forces that make cities more or less appealing to private capital. Such elements include geographic characteristics, political reasons a by-product of business circumstance, vital strategic roles, cultural reasons, and religious reasons.

Governmental support. Refers to practices used in conjunction with city, regional, or national authorities to intervene in the marketplace.

Popular control systems. Refers to the means by which citizens express their preferences and make leaders accountable. Popular control also encompasses a larger process through which city development become legitimate This process may vary along several dimensions, including the scope of public participation, the extent to which participation is organized, and the effectiveness of electoral mechanisms in ensuring accountability in the process of legitimization.

Local culture. This phrase refers to the norms and values that create a disposition toward the city’s development agenda. Cities with high 'materialist' cultures will generally opt for jobs, income, and tangible benefits that are easily divisible. Cities with a strong degree of 'post-materialist' or ‘social’ cultures are more concerned with preservation of the built or natural environment, and those benefits are generally indivisible. These preferences often mean that cities with materialist cultures are more likely to agree with business objectives than cities with post-materialist cultures.

Social centered. A social-centered development policy puts priority on strong public direction, activist planning, and preservationist policies. It also emphasizes collective benefits or public amenities.

Market-centered. Minimalist planning (little thought regarding the surrounding area or the effect on a city's citizenry), and strong economic growth. It accomplishes this by offering inducements to business such as tax abatements, providing public aid for capital projects, making land contributions, relaxing architectural standards, and doing away with zoning regulations. Cities that adopt such policy are essentially embracing a 'build as you may' policy toward business.

Driving variables. Refers to market conditions and governmental support. Driving variables confer economic power to cities and grant public leaders leverage as they bargain with business.

Steering variables. Steering variables have more to do with choices about the strategic direction of development. Because steering variables focus on local preferences, they can be used by public leaders to garner indigenous support for a given policy preference.

Smart growth. An urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented,walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices.

Suburbs. Those unique communities where the driver for development was not the need or desire to be the city, the dominant hub of a region, or one of the great centers of the nation. They acquired the bulk of the nation's offices, retailing, and manufacturing space and the accompanying jobs, and people. In the suburbs and smaller outlying bedroom-communities’ surrounding large cities are where most individuals earn and spent most of their cash.

Notes

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