1.5: Chapter Review - Key Terms
- Page ID
- 32680
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Key Terms
- Android operating system
- Google software operating system used to run non-iPhone mobile phones such as Samsung’s Galaxy
- artificial intelligence (AI)
- use of computers, robots, and machines to behave “intelligently,” engaging in autonomous decision making and behaviors
- augmented reality (AR)
- use of digital objects or elements in a real-life picture or scene
- automation
- use of computers or machines to do tasks that could be completed by a person
- binary digits
- sequences of the numbers 0 and 1 used in computer programming
- biometrics
- authentication that uses a person’s physical characteristics as a form of digital security
- cache
- type of storage in a computer that operates in the background, holding data that can be quickly retrieved
- central processing unit (CPU)
- unit that contains the microprocessor, or “brains” of a computer system
- client
- device that requests and uses resources from other devices on the network
- cloud
- servers housed in data centers to facilitate remote storage and computer operations
- cloud computing
- delivering computer resources such as programs and data storage through the internet rather than storing resources directly on a computer
- computer
- programmable machine that can execute predetermined lists of instructions and respond to new instructions
- computer security
- protection of computer systems and information that prevents unauthorized use
- cookies
- small data files that are deposited on user hard disks and internet sites visited
- cybercrime
- criminal offense that involves a computer and a network
- data erasure
- process by which information is not only deleted but overwritten as well
- data masking
- process by which personally identifiable information is removed from data, allowing a company to make decisions without violating customer privacy
- data resiliency
- ability to recover quickly from a data breach
- domain name system (DNS)
- phone book for the internet, enabling a user to send a message using their name, the symbol @, and the location of the computer as identified by its domain name
- e-commerce
- conducting business transactions online
- encryption
- process of taking information transmitted through the internet and converting it into an unrecognizable code to prevent unauthorized access
- ethernet
- protocols used to connect computers in a local area network or LAN
- external disk drive
- hard disk for information storage such as USBs, CDs, DVDs, and flash memory cards
- firewall
- barrier between a network that is secured and one that is not secured
- hackers
- individuals who gain unauthorized access to a computer system to steal someone’s information
- hard disk
- secondary storage areas where users can save files and retrieve data and programs
- hardware
- computer accessories such as keyboard, mouse, printer, and computer monitor
- HTTPS
- communication protocol that is more secure than HTTP
- hub
- device that sends and receives messages to and from all network connections
- hyperlink
- link on a page or document that, when clicked, navigates the user to that location; a connection between two web pages or documents
- hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
- rules that allow users to access information on the internet and protect confidential data such as credit card numbers
- information processing cycle
- sequence of events involved in processing information
- internal disk drive
- storage space within the computer that updates and produces copies of files
- Internet of Things (IoT)
- extension of internet connectivity beyond computers, enabling the transfer of information between machines and other objects, people, and animals by connecting them to the internet in some way
- internet protocol address (IP address)
- unique combination of characters used to identify the location of a host computer
- internet service provider (ISP)
- company that provides individuals or organizations with access to the internet
- intranet
- private network for internal company use; can be combined with cloud technology
- iPhone operating system (iOS)
- Apple’s software operating system, used to run iPhones, iPads, and other mobile devices
- machine learning
- use of software applications to make computations and decisions that can inform predictions without human intervention
- mainframe
- computer that is capable of great processing speed and data storage for large organizations
- malware
- software designed to damage the victim’s computer system once it gains access to it
- microchip
- small microprocessor unit used for programming and computer memory storage
- microcomputer
- personal computer that was much smaller than earlier computers and operated with microprocessors
- microprocessor
- consists of a control and an arithmetic-logic unit, which performs math and logical operations within a computer system
- minicomputer
- computer that is similar in power to a mainframe computer, but much smaller in size; used in mid-size organizations
- motherboard
- controls communications for an entire computer system
- nanotechnology
- technology that focuses on changing individual molecules to produce different properties or attributes
- network
- connection of two or more computer systems or devices, either by a cable or through a wireless connection
- operating system
- connection between a device’s hardware and its software
- packet switching
- technology that enabled the development of the internet; computer files are broken up into segments, which are transmitted over the network and reordered into a single file at their destination
- password management
- set of principles and best practices for storing and managing passwords to prevent unauthorized access to the computer
- personal computer (PC)
- microcomputer suitable for individual use
- phishing
- attempts to get users to interact with an email or website that appears to be legitimate but is fake
- random access memory (RAM)
- computer’s primary, short-term memory
- ransomware
- malicious software that encrypts computer data, rendering it useless and inaccessible, forcing the owner to exchange something of value to regain access
- read-only memory (ROM)
- memory not meant for storage but to process information as the computer is being used
- robotics
- use of robotic machines to perform tasks that no human could perform
- router
- device that directs data traffic and allows for multiple devices to run on a network
- secure sockets layer (SSL)
- security protocol that uses encryption to help ensure privacy of information and communications across the internet
- server
- connects devices and allows for resource sharing across networks
- short message service (SMS)
- technology for sending text messages through mobile phones
- smart space
- physical space that incorporates technologies that can be controlled through the internet
- social media
- digital technology that allows users (individuals and organizations) to share information about themselves such as posts, photos, and videos
- software
- computer program or set of programs with the end goal of converting data into processes or actions
- spoofing
- correspondence such as email that appears legitimate but instead is used to obtain your personal information
- supercomputer
- extremely powerful computer that has the fastest processors available
- transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)
- communication standard that allows data to be sent and received over a network, most notably the internet
- triangulation
- research technique whereby information is verified and validated through multiple sources
- virtual reality (VR)
- simulated environment in which users can interact as if they were physically present
- wearable
- device that uses computing technology to collect and receive data via the internet
- web browser
- a program used to find content stored on the WWW
- workstation
- powerful single-user computer, similar to a personal computer but with more powerful microprocessors