9: Water Supply Systems
- Page ID
- 44305
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 9.1: Introduction
- This page discusses considerations for installing an irrigation system, highlighting the importance of the water source, rights, and quality. It notes the competition for water between agricultural and urban users, suggesting solutions like municipalities purchasing agricultural land for rights or enhancing irrigation systems. It also categorizes water into surface water and groundwater, stressing the need for sustainable management of withdrawals to avoid resource depletion.
- 9.2: Water Rights and Laws
- From a legal perspective in the U.S., water may be classified as diffused surface water, water in well-defined surface channels, water in well-defined aquifers, and underground percolating water. Diffused surface water is precipitation spread across the landscape. Diffused surface water and underground percolating water, because of their diverse nature, are normally regulated by common or civil law.
- 9.3: Aquifers
- Geologically, the loose and discontinuous layers of decayed rock debris overlying solid bedrock are termed regolith. Soil, where chemical and physical weathering are the most active, is the uppermost part of the regolith. The regolith is a potential storage medium for water. Above bedrock, which is essentially impermeable to water, the rock is fractured and frequently consists of gravels, sands, and soil particles.
- 9.4: Groundwater Supplies
- Also, springs or dugout reservoirs can be sources of groundwater for a water supply in some situations. In areas where the water table is only a few feet below the soil surface, dugout reservoirs or open pits can provide access to groundwater. Occasionally, these water sources can be developed into a suitable water supply, if allowed by national and local regulations.
- 9.5: Surface Water Supplies
- These expectations for a surface water supply are more easily accomplished by pressurized delivery systems than by open channels. Nevertheless, the predominant means of delivering irrigation supplies from irrigation projects is by open channel. Pressurized delivery systems include pipelines which may vary from being underground and permanent to portable, temporary pipe on the soil surface.
- 9.6: Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction
- Water resources managers need to account for these interactions when planning at a watershed or basin scale. A specific application for irrigation is the impact that a groundwater well can have on a nearby stream (Figure 9.12), which is called stream depletion (Barlow and Leake, 2012). In this case, the well is pumping water stored in the aquifer which would have flowed to the stream;..
- 9.7: Reclaimed Water Supplies
- Developing countries report much higher levels of pathogens in irrigation waters than developed countries (Thurston-Enriquez et al., 2002). For example, wastewater irrigation provides a quarter of all vegetables produced in Pakistan. This translates into a health risk for all people who consume the foods grown on these irrigated lands. Although standards for the use of reclaimed wastewater exist for food crops eaten raw in the United States, using reclaimed wastewater to irrigate food crops
- 9.8: Summary
- Water is supplied for irrigation from both surface and groundwater. The right to use water for irrigation varies among states and countries, and irrigators should check on which laws apply in their area. Groundwater is extracted by wells that vary from a few feet to thousands of feet.
- 9.9: Questions
- Prepare a table that summarizes the attributes of the two common doctrines of surface water rights with respect to: How a water right is acquired, How a water right is acquired, Types of water use allowed,
- 9.10: References
- Aiken, J. D. (1980). Nebraska ground water law and administration. Nebraska Law Review, 59, 917-1000. Barkmann, P. E., Broes, L. D., Palkovic, M. J., Hopkins, J. C., Bird, K. S., Sebol, L. A., & Fitzgerald, F. S. (2020). ON-010 Colorado Groundwater Atlas. Geohydrology. Golden, CO: Colorado Geological Survey. Retrieved from https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org...ndwater-atlas/ Barlow, P. M., & Leake, S. A. (2012).